SAFELY REMOVE USB DRIVE FROM PC - UBUNTU OS

Open Terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) and then enter these Commands:

$   df  [lists all your disk drives / partitions in summary]
$  sudo udisks --unmount /dev/sdXY   [unmounts the device]
$  sudo udisks --detach /dev/sdX  [detaches the device from the computer]

where X is the alphabet of your device shown after running the command $ df , and
          Y is the partition number in disk/device X

HOW TO FORMAT A PARTITION/ DISK OR PEN(FLASH) DRIVE IN UBUNTU OS

Three different ways to format Disk Drives in Ubuntu:

1. By using Commands in Terminal
2. By using Disk Utility
3. By using Gparted Software

1: BY USING COMMANDS IN TERMINAL

Open Terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) and then enter these Commands:

• #  sudo su  [to allow admin privileges] 
• enter you password
• #  fdisk -l  [this discovers sdXY]

    OR

• #   df  [lists all your disk drives / partitions in summary]
• #   udisks --unmount /dev/sdXY  [unmounts device]
• #   mkfs.vfat /dev/sdXY [formats the device as FAT32]

where X is the alphabet of your device shown after running the command # fdisk -l , or  # df and

          Y is the partition number in disk/device X

HOW TO SHARE YOUR COMPUTER INTERNET CONNECTION WITH OTHER DEVICES (OTHER COMPUTERS, PHONES, TABLETS)

NOTE: DETAILS BASED ON WINDOWS 8 ( But can also be used in Windows 7)

This method uses Ad-hoc like network (HOSTED NETWORK) to turn your computer into a Wi-Fi hotspot, and other Wi-Fi enabled devices can connect directly to it. 

Please, before you start creating this kind of Wi-Fi hotspot, first, read thoroughly all STEPS and make sure that you understand them well.

FIRST: CHECK IF YOUR COMPUTER IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING HOSTED NETWORKS

• Open Command Prompt (cmd) as Administrator.
  Click here to view how to open Command Prompt as Administrator
• Type the following command 
                     netsh wlan show drivers

   see the image bellow;

• Then press ENTER

    Result;

• After the process is done running, find the line “ Hosted network supported ” (see the image above),
  >> If it shows “ Yes ”, that means you can create a hosted network in your computer.
  >> If it shows “ No ”, that means you can’t create a hosted network in your computer.

SECOND: NOW YOU CAN START TO CREATE A HOSTED NETWORK

• In Command Prompt, type the following command

netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=networkname key=password

• NOTE: In the command above,  

   networkname   is any name that you want to give to your network.

         password is the password you will assign to your network, it has to be more than 8 characters                long.

         For example in the image below I used networkname(ssid): CECANE_Wi-Fi, and password(key):                12mkaZuzu!?

   see the image bellow;

• and press ENTER.

   RESULT;

• then type the following command to turn on Hosted Network service

netsh wlan start hostednetwork

   see the image bellow;

• and press ENTER.

   RESULT;

• If you see the line “ The hosted network started. ” (see the image above) it means you have successfully created a hosted network.

THIRD: SET UP THE NETWORK

• Open “ Network and Sharing Center " by writing  the following command in Command Prompt.

control.exe /name Microsoft.NetworkAndSharingCenter

   see image below;

• then press ENTER

   RESULT - Network and Sharing Center window will pop up;

      >> In Network and Sharing Center window, your current connected network(s) will be shown (See                  image below).
        --  It can be noticed too that, the hosted network’s connection name is “ Local Area Network *14 ”.

• click on the blue line on your current connected network (in my case “ RUDN-LAN ” ).

      >> Connected Network's Status window will open.
            see image below;

• click on “ Properties ”.  Connected Network's Properties window will open.
• In Properties window, choose “ Sharing  "tab.

           see image below;

• Then check the box “ Allow other network users to connect through this computer’s Internet connection ”.

           see image below;

•   Then from the drop-down list select " Local Area Connection *14 ".

             see image below;

• Click OK
• DONE

      >> You can now close all windows and connect other devices to your just created Wireless Network.

OTHER USEFUL COMMANDS:

• Start the wireless Hosted Network

netsh wlan start hostednetwork

• Stop the wireless Hosted Network

netsh wlan stop hostednetwork

• Enable or disable the wireless Hosted Network

netsh wlan set hostednetwork [mode=]allow|disallow

• Configure the wireless Hosted Network settings

netsh wlan set hostednetwork [ssid=]<ssid> [key=]<passphrase> keyUsage=]persistent|temporary

• Refresh the wireless Hosted Network key

netsh wlan refresh hostednetwork [data=] key

• Display wireless Hosted Network information

netsh wlan show hostednetwork [[setting=]security]

• Display wireless LAN global settings

netsh wlan show settings

Ref : Microsoft: About the Wireless Hosted Network

MEANING OF THE BEEP SOUNDS IN A Pc.
Know what each beep sound of your computer means when turning ON your computer.

Those beeps are your BIOS "telling" you that something is wrong with your computer.

• One Beep
  -DRAM refresh failure
  
  This may be due to :
  - Bad memory chips
  - A bad DMA Chip
  - Bad memory addressing chips on the motherboard
• Two Beeps 
  - Parity error or Parity Circuit failure
  - Your memory may not be seated properly on the mother board.
  >Unplug and plug it properly
• Three Beeps 
  -Bad memory or bad mother board
• Four beeps
  -Timer failure in the RAM.
• Five Beeps
  -CPU chip may be dead

• Six Beeps 
  -Keyboard controller may have failed
• Seven beeps
  -CPU is dead. Retry the connections and test.
  >Replace the whole motherboard.
• Eight Beeps 
  -Video card is missing or Bad.
• Nine Beeps 
  -Damaged ROM BIOS.
  >BIOS chip has to be replaced if it persists.
• Ten Beeps
  -CMOS shutdown.
  >Replace CMOS memory and associated chips.
• Eleven Beeps
  -Cache memory test has failed.
  >To enable cache memory try CTRL+ALT+SHIFT++(i.e Hit Plus(+) Sign).
• One long Beep and Three short Beeps
  -Memory failure
• One long Beep and Eight short Beeps 
  -Video card failure.
  >Try to install video card in another slot.
• 
  
• No Beeps
  >Check Power supply
  >Check mother board connections
  >Remove all cards except video card and check for system power up
  >Insert all cards one at a time and check their operation.
  >If system hangs on the installation of a particular card, then it is the cause for the problem and replace it with another of that type and check

"WINDOWS 7 IS NOT GENUINE" PROBLEM.

INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO CRACK WINDOWS 7.

1. DISSABLE YOUR ANTIVIRUS/INTERNET SECURITY (It is very very important to do this before starting to crack your Windows 7, otherwise the process won't be a success).
2. Download Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA).rar file from from this link "Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA)".
3. Extract the downloaded file (Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA).rar) to your Desktop by using Winrar or Zip or any other extraction programs.
   
   NOTE: In case you don't know how to do this, do the following steps.
   
   
   1. Navigate to your downloaded file {Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA).rar}
   2. Right click it and select Extract files...
      (A new window will pop up called , "Extraction path and options")
   3. Select/Click "Desktop" inside the big box located on right handside inside Extraction path and options window.
   4. Then click OK. (Extraction process will take place)
   5. Go to your Desktop, and locate/look for a folder named "Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA)"
4. From your desktop open Windows 7 Patch(Chew-WGA) folder.You have to see three files inside this folder:
   1. CW.exe
   2. iNFO.txt
   3. instructions.pdf
5. Select CW.exe and Right Click it.
6. Select Run as administrator.
   
   
   *****Click on the image to enlarge it*****
   
7. User Account Control window will pop up , click "Yes".
8. Chew-WGA v0.9 window will pop up, click "APPLY".
   
   
9. Ready to go? Click "Yes" again.
   
   
   *****Click on the image to enlarge it*****
10. The program will continue to install, and on succeeding it will notify you about the success and the computer will reboot automatically.
    
    
    
    • In case it doesn't succeed, it will notify you about the failure. Then you might need to check again the status of your antivirus and disable it.
    • After rebooting, check on your desktop and see if the following message is still on the lower right side your desktop or not.
      
      
      Windows 7
      Build 7601
      This copy of Windows is not genuine
      
      

      

      *****Click on the image to enlarge it*****
      

      
      
    • If it is not there anymore, then you've succeeded to crack your Windows 7.
      You can now customize your Windows theme to remove the black screen. (Right click on any empty place on your desktop, select Personalise, under My Themes  or Windows Default Themes or High Contrast Themes(Not Recommended), select any theme you like. DONE!!
      
      OR
    • If you want to user a photo/picture of your choice as Desktop background, then just Right click on that photo/picture, then select "Set as desktop background"). DONE!!
    • If it is still there, you need to start the process all over again from step 5 above.
    • On reaching step 8, instead of "APPLY", it will show you "REVERT", click on "REVERT",then Click "Yes" again to uninstall the program. Then the computer will reboot automatically.
      
      
    • Start again from step 5 and continue with the rest of the steps till the end.

CREATING  A  BOOTABLE Windows 7 / 8 USB FLASH DRIVE  IN WINDOWS Vista/ 7/ 8

1- Install/Insert your USB Flash Drive/ Pen drive into your PC (it has to be atleast 4Gb in size)
2- Open Command Prompt as an Administrator.

NOTE: You can read more about opening Command Prompt as an Administrator in Windows Vista / 7 and 8 from this link "How to Open Command Prompt as an Administrator in Windows "

3- On Command Prompt window, enter "diskpart" and hit ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

4- Type "list disk" and hit ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

Take a look and identify the number of your flash drive.
In my case, the number is 2 (Disk 2), NB: Its an 8Gb USB Flash Drive (Size 7385Mb).
5- Type "select disk 2" and hit ENTER. 

>>>RESULT.

6- Then wipe it by typing "clean" and hitting ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

At this point we want to prepare the USB drive for the files and 
make sure it is bootable.
7- Type "create partition primary" and hit ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

8- Type "select partition 1" and hit ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

9- Type "active" and hit ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

10-Then type "format fs=fat32" and hit ENTER.


NOTE:If you choose to use ntfs, you'll later have to run 
the "Bootsect.exe /nt60 G:" command to put boot manager 
compatible files onto your USB flash drive to make it a 
bootable device). BUT I ADVISE YOU TO USE fat32.

NOTE:This step will take a while. Don't get exited..!!!. Just wait
untill its 100% done.

>>>RESULT. (for fat32 case.)

11-When the above procedure completes, assign a new drive letter to 
the USB Flash Drive by typing "assign" and hitting ENTER.

>>>RESULT.

NOTE: An AutoPlay window (of your pen drive)will appear (in case of Windows Vista and 7)

     OR 

     your USB Flash Drive will open directly in a new window explorer. (in case of Windows 8)

12-Type "exit" to exit from DISKPART session.


>>>RESULT.

13-Type "exit" to close command prompt.

14-Now you can navigate to Windows installation files in your computer 
   or CD/DVD, then copy and paste them in your USB Flash Drive.
   If your Windows installation files are in form of .ISO image, simply
   extract the files into your USB Flash Drive.
   
15-DONE. You can now use your Bootable USB Flash Drive to install Windows.

HOW TO OPEN COMMAND PROMPT IN WINDOWS AS and NOT AS ADMINISTRATOR.

Windows Vista / 7 / 8.  (NOT AS ADMINISTRATOR)

1- On your keyboard press Windows Button + R.

NOTE: If you don't know the Windows button, this is how it looks like.(see image below).

2- After pressing  Windows Button + R, Run window will pop up.

3- Enter the word "cmd" and press Return Key(ENTER) or click OK.

4- Command Prompt window will pop up.
NOTE: Title shows root to the Command Prompt,  e.g  - "C:\\Windows\system32\cmd.exe"

5- DONE.

Windows 7.(AS ADMINISTRATOR)

1- Click Start or Start Icon and then click All Programs.

2- Click Accessories.

3- Under Accessories category, you will see Command Prompt.

4- Right click on Command Prompt and select Run as administrator.

5- User Account Control window will pop up. Click "Yes".

6- Command Prompt window will pop up.
NOTE: Title shows - "Administrator:Command Prompt"

7- Congratulations....DONE!

Windows 8 (AS ADMINISTRATOR)

1- From your desktop, go to Start.

2- Then go to Search and click it.

>>>RESULT.

3- Under Applications (Apps) enter the phrase "command prompt"

OR enter the word "cmd" 

>>>RESULT.

4- Right click on  Command Prompt.

5- Then click  "Run as administrator" (pointed by the yellow arrow)

6- User Account Control window will pop up, click "Yes".

7- Command Prompt window will pop up.

NOTE: Title shows - "Administrator:Command Prompt"

8- DONE.